Chemical, Anatomical, and Productivity Responses of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) to Integrated Biofertilizer Applications with PGPR, Cyanobacteria, and Yeast

Integrated biofertilizers such as Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPRs), cyanobacteria, and yeast can considerably improve the growth, integrity, overall health of crops, including cowpea. In this study, we assess benefits applying microbial fertilizers an eco-friendly approach to partially substitute chemical while maintaining growth yield characteristics in cowpea plants. We investigated role three microorganisms, Bacillus amyloliquefacien (B), Nostoc mucorum (C), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Y), individually four possible combinations (B + C, B Y, C Y) integrated bio-fertilizers on enzyme activities, plant parameters, Plants inoculated with Y mixture resulted significant improvement dehydrogenase activity by 390%, chlorophyll 180%, dry weight 130%, pod length 68% 190%, respectively, compared non-inoculated The grain total carbohydrates increased 170% over control due treatment Y. also positively influenced anatomy terminal leaflet a 16.6% higher thickness midrib zone, 22.6% increase vascular bundle length, 42.4% 33.5% increases upper lower epidermal leaf layers, respectively. Additionally, palisade spongy tissues 36.9% 26.5%, control. An nutrient management program using is recommended for achieving yields environmentally safe production.